Objective To study the current density and ecological characteristics of Anopheles minimus in China-Myanmar border areas and provide the evidence of risk on malaria reintroduction across the borders. Methods The study sites were selected from five townships in Tengchong county of Yunnan province located in China-Myanmar border. In each township, two villages were selected for mosquito sampling. The light trapping and human bait trapping were conducted for investigation on population density and human bite behavior from May to December in 2015. The investigation on ecological characters of both adults and larvae was carried out by experienced staff in the field with regular time intervals. The multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the blood meal source in mosquitoes. Results Totally 4 089 Anopheles mosquitos were trapped. There were seven species identified by morphological characters: An. sinensis, An. minimus, An. peditaeniatus, An. culicifacies, An. splendidus, An. argyropus, and An. maculatus. The predominant species identified based on population density were An. sinensis (2 055/4 089, 50.26%), An. peditaeniatus (1 315/4 089, 32.16%), and An. minimus (563/4 089, 13.77%). The peak of population density of An. minimus was observed in September. There were 32.70 and 12.20 mosquitoes/night in cattle shelter and human dwelling respectively. The human bite rate was 2.0 bites/(human·night). Anopheles minimus was observed to exhibit blood sucking behavior all night after sunset. The preferred blood seeking place was found in cattle shelter, the ratio compared with human dwelling was 10:1. The human blood index was tested as 0.23. A total of 423 An. minimus larvae were collected, 266 from the pond around village. Conclusion Anopheles minimus populations were well controlled after several years á efforts. It had limited impact on malaria transmission locally. But the ecological characteristics were found to be different from previous studies, further surveillance is required even after malaria elimination certification.

Objective To investigate the composition and distribution of mosquitoes, in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in Tengchong city. Methods Six township and nine villages including South region(Xinhua, Puchuan, Middle region(Zhonghe, Qingshui, North region(Diantan, Gudong)were selected and mosquitoes were collected using mosquito lamps in both household and cowhouse, for overnight, the mosquito was indentified, sorted and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 14 266 mosquitoes were collected, composed by 2 subfamilies, 8 genera, 11 subgenera and 31 species. The Anopheles sinensis, An. kunmingensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were predominant in the North region(50.26%, 1 729/3 440, Middle region(34.28%, 990/2 888)and South region (45.74%, 3 626/7 928). Conclusion The composition and distribution of mosquitoes in Tengchong city suggested that the vector control interventions should be developed according to local conditions.

Objective To determine the composition of mosquito species in northern Burma and provide preliminary observations on the diversity of these species. Methods From August to September in 2008, CDC mosquito light traps were used in four settlements in the region close to the Chinese border, and captured mosquitoes were classified and counted and the data were analyzed. Results A total of 2268 mosquitoes of 45 species, 17 sub?genera, 8 genera, 2 sub?families were captured in human resident houses, as well as 1703 ones of 33 species, 12 sub?genera, 7 genera, 2 sub?families in cattle breeding rooms. The dominant species and corresponding dominance in human houses were Anopheles minimus (58.16), An. kochi (46.27), Culex pseudovishnui (45.68), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (41.97) and An. jeyporiensis (40.18); and those in cattle shelters were An. kochi (34.37), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (34.30), An. minimus (29.13) and An. splendidus (27.68). The diversity index and evenness indices were 2.61 and 1.58 versus 2.68 and 0.48 in human houses and cattle houses, respectively. Conclusion The dominant species, An. minimus, was the major vector in local human houses, with significantly higher in numbers than in cattle shelters.

【Abstract】 Objective To explore feasibility and superiority of ICEstimator online software in the calculation of median lethal concentration（LC50） and its 95% confidence interval（95%CI）. Methods The LC50 values of dipterex and beta?cyfluthrin to Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were calculated by ICEstimator, SPSS 13.0, SAS 9.0 and DPS 7.55, respectively. Results The  LC50  value  of  beta?cyfluthrin  to  Ae. albopictus  and  Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus  and  its  95%CI, calculated by the above mentioned softwares , were 5.03（4.68-5.38）, 5.20（4.90-5.60）, 5.14（4.83-5.46）, 5.14 （4.83-5.46）, 5.31（4.58-6.03）, 5.40（4.75-6.15）, 5.28 （2.37-7.11）, 5.28（2.37-7.11）, and for dipterex, that were 92.92（83.27-102.58）, 100.60（90.60-110.70）, 96.00（87.88-105.33）, 96.00（87.88-105.33） and 1123.02（998.89-1247.14）, 1123.70（800.60-1652.40）, 1111.91（725.47-1745.88）, 1111.90（725.46-1745.87）, respectively.  However,  there  were  no  significant  difference  among three  groups  of   median  lethal  concentration  value  （χ2＝5.595, P＝0.113）  and  their  95%CI by K?W?Test. Conclusion The LC50 value and its 95%CI could be got fast and conveniently by ICEstimator compared to other methods.

【Abstract】 Objective To assess the situation and influence factors of insecticide treatment bed net(ITN) in Yunnan malaria endemic areas and provide the measures for generalization of ITN. Methods Cross survey was used among 47 counties of Yunnan malaria endemic areas by multi?stages sampling method. Results There were 8.68% of households with ITN. The use of bed net was influenced by economic status, gender, marriage, education level, attitude to the use of ITN, malaria transmission knowledge and preventive knowledge analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Conclusion It should pay more attention to the population from poor families, woman, single and illiterate during the promotion of ITN. The use of ITN could be promoted by the transmission of malaria transmission route and preventive measures.

Objective Study on relationship of the environment factors with the populations of Anopheles sinensis and An.jeyporiensis, and explore the possible influence of the new villages building which was part of the Chinese west development plan in southern part of Yunnan province on these two vector populations. Methods The relationship of populations of An.sinensis and An.jeyporiensis with the environment factors in southern part of Yunnan province were studied using geographic information system(GIS) system. Results The dominance of An.sinensis could be mimiced by linearity model with DTF and KFA [d=0.3621-3.26×10 ^-4×DTF ^-8.0854×10 ^-7×KFA ( R ²=0.642, F test P=0.000)]; The dominance of An.sinensis had the negative relationship with the DTF (Person=-0.683, P=0.002) and the KFA (Person=-0.735, P=0.001). The population density of An.jeyporiensis could be mimiced by linearity model with KRL [Ni=263-0.0541×KRL ( R₂=0.633, F test P=0.000)], and it had the negative relationship with the KRL (Person=-0.825, P=0.000). The dominance of An.jeyporiensis could be mimiced by linearity model with DTF [d=7.9204×10^-4×DTF-0.0232 (R²=0.267, F test P=0.023)], and it had the positive relationship with DTF (Person=0.562, P=0.012). Conclusion In the process of new villages building, the changing of some environment factors origining from building action could lead to population fluctuation of these two malaria vectors.

Objective Study on the ecological characteristics of mosquito community of two different breeding sites,defined as developed site and undeveloped site,in the most south part of Mengla County,Yunnan province. Methods CDC New Standard Miniature Light Traps were used to collect mosquitoes in human rooms and cowshed at night and analysis data by entomological community methods. Results 2 subfamily,7genus,12 subgenus were collected,that is from the developed human room is 2 28,cowshed 3 698 and 41 species,from the undeveloped human room 1 364 ,cowshed 4 312 and 38 species. The dominant species in the developed human room is Anopheles minimus,in the undeveloped human room is An.jeporienisistheir dominance were 61.96 and 31.65.The developed cowshed dominant species were An.minimus, An.sinenisis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx.pseudovishnui,and in undeveloped cowshed dominant specie were An.jeporienisis, An.aconitus, An.sinenisis, An.minimus, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus, Cx.pseudovishnui, Cx.fuscocephala,respectively,their dominance were 47.07,33.61,35.03,30.71 ,75.48,63.23,50.86,36.96,59.65,54.57,50.71.Conclusion Mosquitoes communities of developed and undeveloped sites have abundant species and its structure and component are very complete,the distribution of quantity is identical in cowshed,but is different in the human rooms in two sites.

Objective To study on the mosquito community characters of in-village and field in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan.Methods A series of ecological methods are involved in this paper about community characters,diversity and similarity.To collect mosquito with human-bait,and cattle-bait in 8 m× 8 m× 2 m mosquito net.Results 36 species,11 subgenus,6 genus,2 subfamillies in-village,38 species,10 subgenus,4 genus,2 subfamillies in field were collected.The dominant species included Cx.tritaeniorhynchus,Cx.fuscocephala,Cx.psedoviishnui,An.sinensis,An.philipinensis,An.crawfordi,An.aconitus and An.kochi.In village,their dominance were 70.73,31.37,29.92,36.11,25.67,27.80,21.60,15.58,and in-field their dominance were 58.18,31.86,29.13,34.91,16.55,26.77,24.06,21.45.In-village,the index of Shannon-Winner diversity was 1.78,the homogenous index was 0.45 and concentrating index of dominance was 0.83,in the field the index of Shannon-Winner diversity was 2.09,the homogenous index was 0.58,and concentrating index of dominance was 0.81.Conclusion The field community was more abundant than in-village community,and its structure and component were very complicated,the distribution of dominant species was relatively stable.

Objestive In order to carry out the study about the inheritant polypeptide and transmission capacity,it was necessary to establish the lab strain of Anopheles minimus.Methods The test of natural mating of the mosquito was conducted after emergence for four days.Results It was gained 1 023 adult mosquitoes in natural mating.The rates of hatching,pupae and emergence were 56.53%,45.95% and 90.21% respectively.After Anopheles minimus was domesticated for several generation,the rates of hatching,pupae and emergence respectively go up to 90.87%,72.27% and 95.36%.Conclusion After Anopheles minimus was domesticated to eight generation,it reached to natural mating of normal colonies.This test shows that Anopheles minimus can substitute for man-made mating using suitable methods.

Objective:To study intra-and interspecific molecular variation and phylogeny of four members of the minimus group of Anopheles in Yunnan,which were An.aconitus,An.jeypoirensis,An.minimus species A and An.minimus species C.Method:DNA sequence divergence between these species at mitochondrial locus(cytochrome oxidaseⅠ) is reported.Results:The test confirms the presence of two cryptic An.minmus species A and C,and the relationship between the molecular variation and phylogeny of member of the An.minimus group.DNA sequence diverges between these species at mtDNA,the relationship was very close with An.minimus A and C, An.aconitus near relations was long-term distance,but the An.jeyporiensis was greater distance on divergence.Conclusion:The environment of An.minimus has an effect on genetic variations of mtDNA,but the difference geographic population of An.minimus was not much changing at genetic distance.

Objective:To compare the sequence difference of the ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer(ITS2) in the different strains of Anopheles minimusin Yunnan.Methods:The PCR amplified rDNA ITS2 sequences,to compare the variation of An.minimus.Results:The different strains of 6 populations were sequenced,which could be separate into Anopheles minimusA and C.Conclusion:The sequencedifference of the rDNA ITS2 would be very useful for the developing a molecular approach to distinguish An.minimusA and C.

This paper reports the evidence of isozyme variations in natural population of Anopheles minimus in Yunnan.The zymograms of EST in different strains of An. minimus (Femal and Pupa) were studied with polyacrylamide geleelectrophoresis,The zymograms of EST were divided into two groups,EST Ⅰand EST Ⅱ,respectively. The isozyme revealed some allelic variations in EST Ⅱ,the common allele of EST-Ⅱ ⁸⁰ and EST-Ⅱ ⁸⁴ predominated and found in all 5 localities.